-Nationalism became the most significant force for self-determination and unification in Europe of the 1800’s. Nationalist began to form secret societies throughout Italy. Unification was the goal of groups such as the Young Italy Movement led by Giuseppe Mazzini who called for the establishment of a republic.

In the 1800s, nationalism upset the balance of power that the Congress of Vienna tried to create in Europe. It led to the development of nation-states which meant the end of empires as well as the creation of new countries/nation-states.

A series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon. Austria’s foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression.

Although politically unified, Italy had to deal with a number of social and economic problems.

• Strong regional differences led to lack of unity.
• Southern Italians resented being governed by Rome.
• Catholic Church did not recognize Italy as legitimate nation.

Giuseppe Garibaldi, (born July 4, 1807, Nice, French Empire [now in France]—died June 2, 1882, Caprera, Italy), Italian patriot and soldier of the Risorgimento, a republican who, through his conquest of Sicily and Naples with his guerrilla Redshirts, contributed to the achievement of Italian unification under the royal …

What forces hindered Italian unity? Due to warfare and foreign rule, many people thought of themselves not as Italians, but as belonging to their region or city. Also, powerful foreign rulers quickly crushed revolts. A ruthless politician that helped bring unification.

One of the reasons was simply because the Pope was in the way and no one wanted to cross him. Until the wars of unification, the Pope ruled a piece of land in central Italy called the Papal States that divided the peninsula in half.

For Italian nationalists, the desire for independence and freedom from foreign rule was of paramount importance. In fact, the most important unifying factor among Italian nationalists was hostility to Austrian rule, especially in Piedmont, Naples, Tuscany, Venice and the Papal States.

The Franco-Austrian War of 1859 was the agent that began the physical process of Italian unification. The Austrians were defeated by the French and Piedmontese at Magenta and Solferino, and thus relinquished Lombardy. By the end of the year Lombardy was added to the holdings of Piedmont-Sardinia.

The 1848 revolutions failed throughout Italy due to a combination of several contributing factors, most importantly these included; foreign intervention, the refusal of the Pope to support the revolutions, lack of involvement from the masses and lack of national leadership and aims.

(i) Both the countries (Italy and Germany) were divided into small states which lacked unity. (ii) Napoleon Bonaparte encouraged (indirectly) unification and nationalism in these two countries. (viii) After their liberation and unification, both Germany and Italy became monarchies instead of the republics.

The red shirts were started by Giuseppe Garibaldi. During his years of exile, Garibaldi was involved in a military action in Uruguay.

Red Shirts (United States)

Redshirt, in United States college athletics, is a delay or suspension of an athlete’s participation to lengthen their period of eligibility. Using this mechanism, a student athlete has at most five academic years to use the four years of eligibility, thus becoming what is termed a fifth-year senior.

While studies are limited, here are some of the proposed benefits of redshirting: Giving your child an extra year to mature before entering school may help them succeed in formal schooling. Your child can get an extra year of “play” before entering elementary school.

Beginning with the first regular series episode “The Man Trap”, the department colors were slightly altered from the pilot versions: command and helm personnel wear gold shirts; operations, engineering and security personnel wear red; and science and medical personnel wear blue, all with black collars and undershirts.

What a “redshirt” season refers to is a year in which a student-athlete does not compete at all against outside competition. During a year in which the student-athlete does not compete, a student can practice with his or her team and receive financial aid.

Typically, a redshirt athlete will have a scholarship but cannot compete for one year. They will participate in all team activities like practice, training, and receive benefits such as academic tutoring, but they will not see any playing time. However, they will get an opportunity to play four seasons in five years.

The NCAA Division I Council passed a proposal Wednesday that will allow players to participate in any four games in a season and still use a redshirt that year. The change, not retroactive, takes effect this coming season. Athletes are allowed to play four full seasons over five calendar years, using one as a redshirt.

Redshirting originated as a term for a similar activity but occurring in college sports rather than kindergarten, where a redshirt (noun) was “a high-school or college athlete kept out of varsity competition for one year to develop skills and extend eligibility” and originated “from the red shirts worn in practice by …

But the risk of redshirting is that a child who is held back but doesn’t need it may become bored and act out. Gullo said children who are redshirted tend to have a higher prevalence of behavioral issues over time and drop out of high school at a higher rate.

Children who start school at an older age do better than their younger classmates and have better odds of attending college and graduating from an elite institution. That’s according to a new study from the National Bureau of Economic Research.

A grayshirt is when a team offers a player enrollment on scholarship at the start of the second semester, after the upcoming season. The athlete then has five years to play four seasons, with the ability to redshirt at some point. Athletes who grayshirt are allowed to enroll as students.